1	Genetic evaluation using combined data from all breeds and crossbred cows
2	Jersey ´ Holstein
3	Red Dane ´ Jersey Crossbreds averaged 12,904 pounds of milk and 588 pounds of butterfat, outperforming dams by more than sire proof predictions (Fohrman,1947). Advanced register Holsteins averaged 13,833 pounds of milk and 493 pounds of fat in 1945.
4	Goals Evaluate crossbred animals without biasing purebred evaluations Accurately estimate breed differences Compare crossbreeding strategies Compute national evaluations and examine changes Display results without confusion
5	All-Breed Analyses Crossbred animals Will have PTAs, only 3% did before if in breed association grading-up programs Reliable PTAs from both parents Purebred animals Information from crossbred relatives More herdmates (other breeds, crossbreds) Routinely used in other populations New Zealand (1994), Netherlands (1997) USA goats (1989), calving ease (2005)
6	Methods All-breed animal model Purebreds and crossbreds together Relationship matrix among all Unknown parents grouped by breed Variance adjustments by breed Age adjust to 36 months, not mature Within-breed-of-sire model examined but not used
7	Data Numbers of cows of all breeds 22.6 million for milk and fat 16.1 million for protein 22.5 million for productive life 19.9 million for daughter pregnancy rate 10.5 million for somatic cell score Type traits are still collected and evaluated in separate breed files
8	Purebred and Crossbred Data USA milk yield records
9	Crossbred Cows with 1^st parity records
10	Number of Cows with Records (with > 50% heterosis; March 2007)
11	Number of Cows with Records (with > 50% heterosis; March 2007)
12	Crossbred Daughters Added for sires in top 10 NM$ within breed
13	Heterosis for Yield Traits Percent of Parent Breed Average
14	Breed Effects and Heterosis Three estimates of breed differences: From phenotypic breed differences From herds containing crossbred cows From all-breed model using all data All three estimates were similar Estimates of general heterosis from 2001 and 2003 studies were used in the current research and not re-estimated
15	Unknown Parent Groups Look up PTAs of known parents Estimate averages for unknowns Group unknown parents by Birth year Breed Path (dams of cows, sires of cows, parents of bulls) Origin (domestic vs other countries)
16	All- vs Within-Breed Evaluations Correlations of PTA Milk
17	Display of PTAs Genetic base Convert all-breed base to within-breed bases (or vice versa) PTA_brd = (PTA_all – mean_brd) SD_brd/SD_HO PTA_all = PTA_brd (SD_HO/SD_brd) + mean_brd Heterosis and inbreeding Both effects removed in the animal model Heterosis added to crossbred animal PTA Expected Future Inbreeding (EFI) and merit differ with mate breed
18	Milk (kg) Genetic trend on all-breed base
19	Fat (kg) Genetic trend on all-breed base
20	Protein (kg) Genetic trend on all-breed base
21	Somatic Cell Score Genetic trend on all-breed base
22	Productive Life Genetic trend on all-breed base
23	Daughter Pregnancy Rate Genetic trend on all-breed base
24	EBV differences from Holstein estimated from an all-breed model
25	Phenotypic breed differences from Holstein from an all-breed model
26	EBV differences from Holstein estimated from an all-breed model
27	Phenotypic breed differences from Holstein from an all-breed model
28	Net Merit Relative Emphasis In cooperation with Dr. Tony Seykora et al.
29	NM$, FM$, CM$ Economic Values
30	Other Trait Estimates Calving ease and stillbirth estimated from breed means 7.3 million HO, 37000 JE, 17000 BS, 2000 GU, 2000 AY, 300 MS Body size composite estimated from mature weight Udder composite, Feet / Leg composite extrapolated from regressions on other traits within Holsteins Size, PL, milk, DPR, SCS
31	Correlations used in Predictions
32	Assumed Effects – Other Traits Transmitting ability differences from Holstein
33	Merit of F₁ Holstein Crossbreds
34	Later Generation Crosses
35	Three-Breed Crosses Butterfat yield of three breed crosses was greater than from their F₁ crossbred dams. Three breed crosses averaged 14,927 pounds of milk and 641 pounds of butterfat as 2-year-olds in 1947.
36	Scandinavian and French Breeds AIPL has pedigree records for other breeds (NR, SR, MO); but few production records yet For further information: Interbull conversions to Ayrshire base U. Minnesota scientists (Heins et al.)
37	Conclusions
38	Conclusions (1) All-breed model accounts for: Breed effects and general heterosis Unequal variances within breed May 2007 implementation expected PTA converted back to within-breed bases, crossbreds to breed of sire PTA changes larger in breeds with fewer animals
39	Conclusions (2) Breed effects were estimated Yield, PL, SCS, DPR by all-breed model Calving ease and stillbirth breed means Udder, F&L composites from other traits Lifetime Net Merit formula for August 2006 applied Holsteins still superior for FM$
40	Conclusions (3) BS x HO and JE x HO crosses had higher NM$ and CM$ than HO BS x JE had higher CM$ than HO Three-breed crosses (HO, BS, JE) are higher than HO backcrosses for CM$, similar for NM$ Use best bulls within each breed
41	Acknowledgments Several others at AIPL contributed greatly to this project, including Mel Tooker, George Wiggans, John Cole, Jay Megonigal, and Ashley Sanders